![]() Only database users in master can be added to these roles. Their permissions are restricted to actions performed in master. These database roles exist only in the virtual master database. ![]() Special roles for SQL Database and Azure Synapse The following figure shows the permissions assigned to the fixed-database roles: The permissions assigned to the fixed-database roles cannot be changed. Members of the db_denydatareader fixed database role cannot read any data from the user tables and views within a database. Members of the db_denydatawriter fixed database role cannot add, modify, or delete any data in the user tables within a database. User objects can exist in any schema except sys and INFORMATION_SCHEMA. Members of the db_datareader fixed database role can read all data from all user tables and views. In most use cases this role will be combined with db_datareader membership to allow reading the data that is to be modified. Members of the db_datawriter fixed database role can add, delete, or change data in all user tables. Members of this role can potentially elevate their privileges by manipulating code that may get executed under high privileges and their actions should be monitored. Members of the db_ddladmin fixed database role can run any Data Definition Language (DDL) command in a database. Members of the db_backupoperator fixed database role can back up the database. Members of the db_accessadmin fixed database role can add or remove access to the database for Windows logins, Windows groups, and SQL Server logins. Members of this role can potentially elevate their privileges and their actions should be monitored. Members of the db_securityadmin fixed database role can modify role membership for custom roles only and manage permissions. (In SQL Database and Azure Synapse, some maintenance activities require server-level permissions and cannot be performed by db_owners.) Members of the db_owner fixed database role can perform all configuration and maintenance activities on the database, and can also drop the database in SQL Server. Except for the public database role, the permissions assigned to the fixed-database roles cannot be changed. The following table shows the fixed-database roles and their capabilities. Server-level permissions cannot be granted through roles in SQL Database and Azure Synapse. For server-level security in SQL Server, use server roles instead. Logins and other server-level principals (such as server roles) cannot be added to database roles. Server-level permissions cannot be granted to database roles. For more information, see Permissions (Database Engine).įor a list of all the permissions, see the Database Engine Permissions poster. The permissions of user-defined database roles can be customized by using the GRANT, DENY, and REVOKE statements. This could enable unintended privilege escalation. You can add any database account and other SQL Server roles into database-level roles.ĭo not add user-defined database roles as members of fixed roles. There are also some special-purpose database roles in the msdb database. Members of the db_owner database role can manage fixed-database role membership. There are two types of database-level roles: fixed-database roles that are predefined in the database and user-defined database roles that you can create.įixed-database roles are defined at the database level and exist in each database. Use the older sp_addrolemember and sp_droprolemember procedures instead. Analytics Platform System (PDW) and Azure Synapse doesn't support this use of ALTER ROLE. To add and remove users to a database role, use the ADD MEMBER and DROP MEMBER options of the ALTER ROLE statement. ![]() Database-level roles are database-wide in their permissions scope. They are like groups in the Microsoft Windows operating system. To easily manage the permissions in your databases, SQL Server provides several *roles that are security principals that group other principals. Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) ![]()
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